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Use case #0002

Automated provisioning calculations: accuracy and audit trail

A provisioning calculation that is correct but undocumented is not auditable. A provisioning calculation that is documented but not traceable to the source data is not defensible. The Provisioning AI computes the required provision for every NPL account — following MAS classification standards for regulatory reporting and FRS 109 ECL for the accounting provision — and generates a full audit trail linking every provision figure to the classification, the outstanding balance, the security value, and the DPD count that determined it.

The two provisioning frameworks — and why both must be computed

SEA finance companies are subject to two parallel provisioning requirements that produce different provision amounts and serve different purposes. MAS asset classification and provisioning Notices set supervisory categories and reporting — while FRS 109 ECL (aligned with IFRS 9) drives the accounting provision using lifetime loss estimates, not IRACP-style fixed percentage schedules. The accounting provision, computed under FRS 109 ECL methodology, is the provision required for financial reporting purposes — based on the probability of default (PD), exposure at default (EAD), and loss given default (LGD) for each account.

The two amounts frequently differ. Where the regulatory provision exceeds the FRS 109 ECL provision, the institution must use the higher regulatory amount. Where the ECL provision exceeds the regulatory amount (as it often does for Stage 2 accounts — assets not yet NPL but showing significant credit deterioration), the ECL provision drives the reported figure. The Provisioning AI computes both simultaneously, flags the higher amount as the required provision, and documents the reason for the differential.

"Two provisioning frameworks. Two different amounts. One has to win. The Provisioning AI computes both, identifies which is higher, and records why — for every account, every quarter."

Provision calculations: three accounts worked through in full

Provision Calculation Workings — Nov 14, 2025 Quarter-End
Three accounts · Full MAS loan classification standards + FRS 109 ECL calculation shown · Audit-ready
Total provision — these 3 accounts
SGD76,01,000
Incremental over prior quarter
+SGD24,06,640

The audit trail: every provision change is traceable to its cause

Provision Audit Trail — LA-2024-4821 · Rajan Textiles · Full history
All classification changes and provision updates · Immutable log
May 5, 2025
00:01:14
SYSTEM
Account originated: Standard. Provision set at SGD11,360 (0.40% general provision on SGD28.4L outstanding). Classification: Standard. DPD: 0. HASH: a4f2e98bc1d3 · Data source: LOS-2024-4821 at origination
Aug 14, 2025
00:02:08
SYSTEM
First overdue date recorded. DPD count commenced. Account: Standard. instalment due Aug 5, 2025 not received by Aug 14, 2025 (grace period expired). 90-day watch timer started. Collection team alerted. HASH: c8a1f3d92b44 · Source: CBS payment register Aug 14, 2025
Sep 28, 2025
09:14:22
COLL TEAM
75-day watch alert responded to: Field visit conducted. Borrower confirms temporary cash flow difficulty from delayed receivables. PTP (Promise to Pay) for Oct 10. Account remains Standard. Provision: SGD11,360. HASH: e9d5a12f4b88 · Agent: R. Subramaniam · Call log ref: CL-2025-48821
Oct 10, 2025
00:02:11
SYSTEM
PTP not honoured. DPD: 57 days. 85-day watch alert sent to collection team. Account: Standard (DPD <90). HASH: b3c8e74a1f02 · CBS: no credit received by PTP date
Nov 14, 2025
00:04:22
SYSTEM
DPD crossed 90-day threshold (DPD: 91). Account reclassified Standard → Sub-Standard. Provision recalculated: 15% of SGD28.4L outstanding = SGD4,26,000. Change: +SGD4,14,640. CBS updated. Collection team notified. Regulatory reporting flag set. HASH: f7a2d3c09e14 · Rule applied: PR-SUBST-001 · Outstanding: SGD28,40,000 verified from CBS
● Immutable log · Every entry timestamped and hashed · Cannot be modified retroactively · Auditor export available on request
BothMAS loan classification standards regulatory and FRS 109 ECL computed for every NPL account — higher amount applied
FullAudit trail for every provision change — source data, rule applied, timestamp, hash · Immutable
SGD76LCombined provision for 3 accounts — each computed from actual outstanding, security value, and DPD
ZeroManual intervention in the calculation chain — every figure traceable to CBS source data and MAS loan classification standards rule

The calculation that cannot be audited will be challenged — and the challenge will succeed

A provisioning figure that an auditor or regulator cannot trace to its source data — which account, which outstanding balance, which security value, which MAS loan classification standards rate, computed on which date — is a figure that can be challenged regardless of whether it is mathematically correct. The correctness of the number is not the same as the defensibility of the calculation. The Provisioning AI generates a calculation that is not only correct — it is traceable at every step to the source data that drove it, timestamped to the second, and immutably logged so that the audit question "how did you arrive at this provision amount?" has a complete, verifiable answer for every account in the portfolio.

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